Jjslash writes to Techspot's interesting look back at the evolution of Intel CPUs since the original Core 2 Duo E6600 and Core 2 Quad processors were introduced. The test pits the eight-year-old CPUs against their successors in the Nehalem, Sandy Bridge and Haswell families, including today's Celeron and Pentium parts which fare comparably well. 1975 The Altair 8800 microcomputer, based on the Intel® 8080 microprocessor, was the first successful home or personal computer. 1972 The Intel® 4004 processor, Intel’s first microprocessor, powered the Busicom calculator and paved the way for the personal computer. 2003 Intel® Centrino® mobile technology brought high performance, enhanced battery life, and integrated WLAN capability to thinner, lighter PCs. 1994 Intel chips powered almost 75 percent of all desktop computers. Sep 02, 2020 The Intel 4004 used MOS (metal–oxide–semiconductor) transistors. What has been the transistor types used in Intel processors onwards from the 4004 to 8085 to the x86 family of instruction set.
Listed below are the important events in history relating to computer processors, including release dates for many of the popular and widely-used computer processors. Not all computer processors are listed, as there are too many to list.
| Year | Event |
|---|---|
| 1823 | Baron Jons Jackob Berzelius discovered silicon (Si), which today is the basic component of processors. |
| 1903 | Nikola Tesla patented electrical logic circuits called 'gates' or 'switches' in 1903. |
| 1947 | John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley invented the first transistor at the Bell Laboratories on December 23, 1947. |
| 1948 | John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley patented the first transistor in 1948. |
| 1956 | John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley were awarded the Nobel Prize in physics for their work on the transistor. |
| 1958 | The first working integrated circuit was developed by Robert Noyce of Fairchild Semiconductor and Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments. The first IC was demonstrated on September 12, 1958. (Geoffrey Dummer is credited as being the first person to conceptualize and build a prototype of the integrated circuit.) |
| 1960 | IBM developed the first automatic mass-production facility for transistors in New York in 1960. |
| 1965 | On April 19, 1965, Gordon Moore made an observation about integrated circuits that became known as Moore's Law. |
| 1968 | Intel Corporation was founded by Robert Noyce and Gordon Moore in 1968. |
| 1969 | AMD (Advanced Micro Devices) was founded on May 1, 1969. |
| 1971 | Intel with the help of Ted Hoff introduced the first microprocessor, the Intel 4004 on November 15, 1971. The 4004 had 2,300 transistors, performed 60,000 OPS (operations per second), addressed 640 bytes of memory, and cost $200.00. |
| 1972 | Intel introduced the 8008 processor on April 1, 1972. |
| 1974 | Intel's improved microprocessor chip was introduced on April 1, 1974; the 8080 became a standard in the computer industry. |
| 1976 | Intel introduced the 8085 processor in March 1976. |
| 1978 | The Intel8086 was introduced on June 8, 1978. |
| 1979 | The Intel8088 was released on June 1, 1979. |
| 1979 | The Motorola 68000, a 16/32-bit processor, was released and later chosen as the processor for the Apple Macintosh and Amiga computers. |
| 1982 | The Intel 80286 was introduced on February 1, 1982. |
| 1985 | Intel introduced the first 80386 in October 1985. |
| 1987 | The SPARC processor was first introduced by Sun. |
| 1988 | Intel80386SX was introduced in 1988. |
| 1989 | Cyrix released their first coprocessors, the FasMath 83D87 and 83S87, in 1989. These were x87 compatible and designed for 386 computers. The FasMath coprocessors were up to 50% faster than the Intel 80387 processor. |
| 1991 | AMD introduced the AM386 microprocessor family in March 1991. |
| 1991 | Intel introduced the Intel 486SX chip in April in efforts to help bring a lower-cost processor to the PC market selling for $258.00. |
| 1992 | Intel released the 486DX2 chip on March 2, 1992, with a clock doubling ability that generates higher operating speeds. |
| 1993 | Intel released the Pentium processor on March 22, 1993. The processor was a 60 MHz processor, incorporates 3.1 million transistors and sells for $878.00. |
| 1994 | Intel released the second generation of Intel Pentium processors on March 7, 1994. |
| 1995 | Cyrix released the Cx5x86 processor in 1995, in an attempt to compete with the Intel Pentium processors. |
| 1995 | Intel introduced the Intel Pentium Pro in November 1995. |
| 1996 | Cyrix released their MediaGX processor in 1996. It combined a processor with sound and video processing on one chip. |
| 1996 | Intel announced the availability of the Pentium 150 MHz with 60 MHz bus and 166 MHz with 66 MHz bus on January 4, 1996. |
| 1996 | AMD introduced the K5 processor on March 27, 1996, with speeds of 75 MHz to 133 MHz and bus speeds of 50 MHz, 60 MHz, or 66 MHz. The K5 was the first processor developed completely in-house by AMD. |
| 1997 | AMD released their K6 processor line in April 1997, with speeds of 166 MHz to 300 MHz and a 66 MHz bus speed. |
| 1997 | Intel Pentium II was introduced on May 7, 1997. |
| 1998 | AMD introduced their new K6-2 processor line on May 28, 1998, with speeds of 266 MHz to 550 MHz and bus speeds of 66 MHz to 100 MHz. The K6-2 processor was an enhanced version of AMD's K6 processor. |
| 1998 | Intel released the first Xeon processor, the Pentium II Xeon 400 (512 K or 1 M cache, 400 MHz, 100 MHz FSB) in June 1998. |
| 1999 | Intel released the Celeron 366 MHz and 400 MHz processors on January 4, 1999. |
| 1999 | AMD released its K6-III processors on February 22, 1999, with speeds of 400 MHz or 450 MHz and bus speeds of 66 MHz to 100 MHz. It also featured an on-die L2 cache. |
| 1999 | The IntelPentium III 500 MHz was released on February 26, 1999. |
| 1999 | The IntelPentium III 550 MHz was released on May 17, 1999. |
| 1999 | AMD introduced the Athlon processor series on June 23, 1999. The Athlon would be produced for the next six years in speeds ranging from 500 MHz up to 2.33 GHz. |
| 1999 | The IntelPentium III 600 MHz was released on August 2, 1999. |
| 1999 | The IntelPentium III 533B and 600B MHz was released on September 27, 1999. |
| 1999 | The IntelPentium III Coppermine series was first introduced on October 25, 1999. |
| 2000 | On January 5, 2000, AMD released the 800 MHz Athlon processor. |
| 2000 | Intel released the Celeron 533 MHz with a 66 MHz bus processor on January 4, 2000. |
| 2000 | AMD first released the Duron processor on June 19, 2000, with speeds of 600 MHz to 1.8 GHz and bus speeds of 200 MHz to 266 MHz. The Duron was built on the same K7 architecture as the Athlon processor. |
| 2000 | Intel announced on August 28th that it would recall its 1.3 GHz Pentium III processors due to a glitch. Users with these processors should contact their vendors for additional information about the recall. |
| 2001 | On January 3, 2001, Intel released the 800 MHz Celeron processor with a 100 MHz bus. |
| 2001 | On January 3, 2001, Intel released the 1.3 GHz Pentium 4 processor. |
| 2001 | AMD announced a new branding scheme on October 9, 2001. Instead of identifying processors by their clock speed, the AMD Athlon XP processors would bear monikers of 1500+, 1600+, 1700+, 1800+, 1900+, 2000+, etc. Each higher model number represented a higher clock speed. |
| 2002 | Intel released the Celeron 1.3 GHz with a 100 MHz bus and 256 kB of level 2 cache. |
| 2003 | IntelPentium M was introduced in March 2003. |
| 2003 | AMD released the first single-core Opteron processors, with speeds of 1.4 GHz to 2.4 GHz and 1024 KB L2 cache, on April 22, 2003. |
| 2003 | AMD released the first Athlon 64 processor, the 3200+ model, and the first Athlon 64 FX processor, the FX-51 model, on September 23, 2003. |
| 2004 | AMD released the first Sempron processor on July 28, 2004, with a 1.5 GHz to 2.0 GHz clock speed and 166 MHz bus speed. |
| 2005 | AMD released their first dual-core processor, the Athlon 64 X2 3800+ (2.0 GHz, 512 KB L2 cache per core), on April 21, 2005. |
| 2006 | AMD released their new Athlon 64 FX-60 processor, featuring 2x 1024 KB L2 cache, on January 9, 2006. |
| 2006 | Intel released the Core 2 Duo processor E6320 (4 M cache, 1.86 GHz, 1066 MHz FSB) on April 22, 2006. |
| 2006 | Intel introduced the Intel Core 2 Duo processors with the Core 2 Duo processor E6300 (2 M cache, 1.86 GHz, 1066 MHz FSB) on July 27, 2006. |
| 2006 | Intel introduced the Intel Core 2 Duo processor for the laptop computer with the Core 2 Duo processor T5500, and other Core 2 Duo T series processors, in August 2006. |
| 2007 | Intel released the Core 2 Quad processor Q6600 (8 M cache, 2.40 GHz, 1066 MHz FSB) in January 2007. |
| 2007 | Intel released the Core 2 Duo processor E4300 (2 M cache, 1.80 GHz, 800 MHz FSB) on January 21, 2007. |
| 2007 | Intel released the Core 2 Quad processor Q6700 (8 M cache, 2.67 GHz, 1066 MHz FSB) in April 2007. |
| 2007 | Intel released the Core 2 Duo processor E4400 (2 M cache, 2.00 GHz, 800 MHz FSB) on April 22, 2007. |
| 2007 | AMD renamed the Athlon 64 X2 processor line to Athlon X2 and released the first in that line, the Brisbane series (1.9 to 2.6 GHz, 512 KB L2 cache) on June 1, 2007. |
| 2007 | Intel released the Core 2 Duo processor E4500 (2 M cache, 2.20 GHz, 800 MHz FSB) on July 22, 2007. |
| 2007 | Intel released the Core 2 Duo processor E4600 (2 M cache, 2.40 GHz, 800 MHz FSB) on October 21, 2007. |
| 2007 | AMD released the first Phenom X4 processors (2 M cache, 1.8 GHz to 2.6 GHz, 1066 MHz FSB) on November 19, 2007. |
| 2008 | Intel released the Core 2 Quad processor Q9300 and the Core 2 Quad processor Q9450 in March 2008. |
| 2008 | Intel released the Core 2 Duo processor E4700 (2 M cache, 2.60 GHz, 800 MHz FSB) on March 2, 2008. |
| 2008 | AMD released the first Phenom X3 processors (2 M cache, 2.1 GHz to 2.5 GHz, 1066 MHz FSB) on March 27, 2008. |
| 2008 | Intel released the first of the Intel Atom series of processors, the Z5xx series, in April 2008. They are single core processors with a 200 MHz GPU. |
| 2008 | Intel released the Core 2 Duo processor E7200 (3 M cache, 2.53 GHz, 1066 MHz FSB) on April 20, 2008. |
| 2008 | Intel released the Core 2 Duo processor E7300 (3 M cache, 2.66 GHz, 1066 MHz FSB) on August 10, 2008. |
| 2008 | Intel released several Core 2 Quad processors in August 2008: the Q8200, the Q9400, and the Q9650. |
| 2008 | Intel released the Core 2 Duo processor E7400 (3 M cache, 2.80 GHz, 1066 MHz FSB) on October 19, 2008. |
| 2008 | Intel released the first Core i7 desktop processors in November 2008: the i7-920, the i7-940, and the i7-965 Extreme Edition. |
| 2009 | AMD released the first Phenom II X4 (quad-core) processors (6 M cache, 2.5 to 3.7 GHz, 1066 MHz or 1333 MHz FSB) on January 8, 2009. |
| 2009 | AMD released the first Athlon Neo processor, the MV-40 model, (1.6 GHz and 512 KB L2 cache) on January 8, 2009. |
| 2009 | Intel released the Core 2 Duo processor E7500 (3 M cache, 2.93 GHz, 1066 MHz FSB) on January 18, 2009. |
| 2009 | AMD released the first Phenom II X3 (triple core) processors (6 M cache, 2.5 to 3.0 GHz, 1066 MHz or 1333 MHz FSB) on February 9, 2009. |
| 2009 | Intel released the Core 2 Quad processor Q8400 (4 M cache, 2.67 GHz, 1333 MHz FSB) in April 2009. |
| 2009 | Intel released the Core 2 Duo processor E7600 (3 M cache, 3.06 GHz, 1066 MHz FSB) on May 31, 2009. |
| 2009 | AMD released the first Athlon II X2 (dual-core) processors (1024 KB L2 cache, 1.6 to 3.5 GHz, 1066 MHz or 1333 MHz FSB) in June 2009. |
| 2009 | AMD released the first Phenom II X2 (dual-core) processors (6 M cache, 3.0 to 3.5 GHz, 1066 MHz or 1333 MHz FSB) on June 1, 2009. |
| 2009 | AMD released the first Athlon II X4 (quad-core) processors (512 KB L2 cache, 2.2 to 3.1 GHz, 1066 MHz or 1333 MHz FSB) in September 2009. |
| 2009 | Intel released the first Core i7 mobile processor, the i7-720QM, in September 2009. It uses the Socket G1 socket type, runs at 1.6 GHz, and features 6 MB L3 cache. |
| 2009 | Intel released the first Core i5 desktop processor with four cores, the i5-750 (8 M cache, 2.67 GHz, 1333 MHz FSB), on September 8, 2009. |
| 2009 | AMD released the first Athlon II X3 (triple core) processors in October 2009. |
| 2010 | Intel released the Core 2 Quad processor Q9500 (6 M cache, 2.83 GHz, 1333 MHz FSB) in January 2010. |
| 2010 | Intel released the first Core i5 mobile processors, the i5-430M and the i5-520E in January 2010. |
| 2010 | Intel released the first Core i5 desktop processor over 3.0 GHz, the i5-650 in January 2010. |
| 2010 | Intel released the first Core i3 desktop processors, the i3-530, and i3-540 on January 7, 2010. |
| 2010 | Intel released the first Core i3 mobile processors, the i3-330M (3 M cache, 2.13 GHz, 1066 MHz FSB) and the i3-350M, on January 7, 2010. |
| 2010 | AMD released the first Phenom II X6 (hex/six core) processors on April 27, 2010. |
| 2010 | Intel released the first Core i7 desktop processor with six cores, the i3-970, in July 2010. It runs at 3.2 GHz and features 12 MB L3 cache. |
| 2011 | Intel released seven new Core i5 processors with four cores, the i5-2xxx series in January 2011. |
| 2011 | AMD released the first mobile processors in their A4 line, the A4-3300M and the A4-3310MX on June 14, 2011. |
| 2011 | AMD released the first mobile processors in their A6 line, the A6-3400M and the A6-3410MX on June 14, 2011. |
| 2011 | AMD released the first mobile processors in their A8 line, the A8-3500M, the A8-3510MX, and the A8-3530MX on June 14, 2011. |
| 2011 | AMD released the first desktop processor in their A6 line, the A6-3650 (4 M L2 cache, 2.6 GHz, 1866 MHz FSB) on June 30, 2011. |
| 2011 | AMD released the first desktop processor in their A8 line, the A8-3850 (4 M L2 cache, 2.9 GHz, 1866 MHz FSB) on June 30, 2011. |
| 2011 | AMD released the first desktop processors in their A4 line, the A4-3300 and the A4-3400 on September 7, 2011. |
| 2012 | AMD released the first desktop processors in their A10 line, the A10-5700 and the A10-5800K on October 1, 2012. |
| 2013 | AMD released the Athlon II X2 280, on January 28, 2013. It has two cores and runs at 3.6 GHz. |
| 2013 | Intel released their first processor to utilize the BGA-1364 socket and feature an Iris Pro Graphics 5200 GPU. Released in June 2013, it runs at 3.2 GHz and has 6 MB of L3 cache. |
| 2014 | AMD introduced the socket AM1 architecture and compatible processors, like the Sempron 2650, in April 2014. |
| 2014 | AMD released their first Pro A series APU processors, the A6 Pro-7050B, A8 Pro-7150B, and A10 Pro-7350B, in June 2014. They feature on or two cores and run at 1.9 GHz to 2.2 GHz. |
| 2017 | AMD released their first Ryzen 7 processors, the 1700, 1700X, and 1800X models, on March 2, 2017. They have eight cores, run at 3.0 to 3.6 GHz, and feature 16 MB L3 cache. |
| 2017 | AMD released their first Ryzen 5 processors, the 1400, 1500X, 1600, and 1600X models, on April 11, 2017. They have four to six cores, run at 3.2 to 3.6 GHz, and feature 8 to 16 MB L3 cache. |
| 2017 | Intel released the first Core i9 desktop processor, the i9-7900X, in June 2017. It uses the LGA 2066 socket, runs at 3.3 GHz, has 10 cores, and features 13.75 MB L3 cache. |
| 2017 | AMD released their first Ryzen 3 processors, the Pro 1200 and Pro 1300 models, on June 29, 2017. They have four cores, run at 3.1 to 3.5 GHz, and feature 8 MB L3 cache. |
| 2017 | Intel released the first desktop processor with 12 cores, the Core i9-7920X, in August 2017. It runs at 2.9 GHz and features 16.50 MB L3 cache. |
| 2017 | AMD released their first processor with 16 cores, the Ryzen Threadripper 1950X, on Augus 10, 2017. It runs at 3.4 GHz and features 32 MB L3 cache. |
| 2017 | Intel released the first desktop processor with 14 cores, the Core i9-7940X, in September 2017. It runs at 3.1 GHz and features 19.25 MB L3 cache. |
| 2017 | Intel released the first desktop processor with 16 cores, the Core i9-7960X, in September 2017. It runs at 2.8 GHz and features 22 MB L3 cache. |
| 2017 | Intel released the first desktop processor with 18 cores, the Core i9-7980X, in September 2017. It runs at 2.6 GHz and features 24.75 MB L3 cache. |
| 2018 | Intel released the first Core i9 mobile processor, the i9-8950HK, in April 2018. It used the BGA 1440 socket, runs at 2.9 GHz, has six cores, and features 12 MB L3 cache. |
| 2020 | NVIDIA announced it was acquiring Arm for $40 billion on September 13, 2020. |
| 2020 | AMD announced it was buying Xilinx for $35 billion on October 27, 2020. |
- Evolution of intel processor architecture- 4 bit to 64 bit designing for performance - Brainly.in. Evolution of intel processor architecture- 4 bit to 64 bit designing for performance - 7826041.
- —Headline, Intel 4004 ad The history of the microprocessor begins with the birth of the Intel 4004, the first commercially available microprocessor (see Panel2). The roots of this devel-opment can be traced directly back to the inventors of the transistor. In 1955, William Shockley founded Shockley Semiconductor in Palo Alto, California.
Whether it’s a laptop or desktop PC, or a high-powered server, microprocessors are at the core of all types of computer hardware. The central processing unit (CPU) is the brain of a computer system, carrying out the number-crunching and input/output operations that are essential for software to function.
At Fasthosts, our Dedicated Servers sport powerful Intel processors to ensure optimum performance for your websites and applications. But if you’re looking for a certain level of power to match the needs of your project, it’s not always obvious which CPU is the best fit. Dual-core, quad-core, i3, i5, i7, Xeon – what do they all mean, and what are the benefits of each? And what about the various generations of Intel microarchitecture?
Generation X
Intel created the world’s first commercial microprocessors way back in the 1970s, based on the x86 instruction set architecture that, in some form, is still with us today. While microarchitecture concerns the design of the CPU itself, instruction set architecture defines the interface between the processor and the software. The widespread adoption of x86 is what enables chips from different manufacturers with different architectures to work in broadly the same way, allowing compatibility and interchangeability of computer parts.
Of course, the first Intel processors were pitifully slow by today’s standards, and after 40 years of innovation modern CPUs are planet-sized supercomputers in comparison. Over that time Intel has gone through a host of model names and ‘families’ – you might remember the excitement of bringing home your first Pentium PC – and more recently the manufacturer has introduced catch-all ‘generations’ to define its latest microarchitecture.
There’s debate over the exact number of Intel generations, but the company itself recently announced its ‘7th Generation’ of Core processors. This doesn’t make them the seventh generation ever, but they are arguably the seventh generation of Intel’s Core family. Since ‘Nehalem’ in 2008, every generation has been assigned a codename, common to various CPU models that share the same architecture. This continued through Sandy Bridge, Ivy Bridge, Haswell, Broadwell, Skylake, and now Kaby Lake, each with their own advancements and new features.
Frequency? Cores? Threads? Cache?
There’s always been bewildering nomenclature around computer hardware, and processors are no exception. In the 1990s and early 2000s it was all about frequency or clock speed – how many clock cycles or calculations can be completed per second – with a higher frequency (measured in MHz or GHz) usually indicating better performance. But as time went on, it became clear that while higher clock speeds are always preferable, other, efficiency-boosting features are just as important.
Evolution Of Intel Processors
Since the first generation of the Intel Core series, the number of processor cores has become a major performance indicator. Compared to older, single-core designs, multicore processors effectively function as two, four or even more separate CPUs. This allows a whole new level of multitasking, enabling computers to perform multiple intensive tasks at the same time, such as image rendering, gaming and background virus scans, while keeping performance as fast as possible. With the efficiency gains made by multicore architecture, many top-end single-core chips suddenly found themselves outperformed by dual-core processors with lower clock speeds.
A thread is a software term used by Intel in the context of its ‘Hyper-Threading Technology’ that refers to ‘the basic ordered sequence of instructions that can be passed through or processed by a single CPU core’. Hyper-Threading allows each core to run two threads instead of one, basically creating two virtual cores for each physical one to enable even more multitasking. While Hyper-Threading can’t provide as much extra performance as additional physical cores, it’s still a significant boost – and a server that combines multiple cores with Hyper-Threading is ideal for hosting high-demand applications.
Evolution Of Intel Processors Pdf
The processor cache is a small amount of memory built into the CPU that copies frequently-used data from the main system RAM and stores it for fast access. Like clock speed and the number of cores and threads, it’s usually a safe bet that a bigger number equals better performance.
Core vs Xeon
Cached
The two big names in Intel’s current line-up are the Core range (Core i3, Core i5 and Core i7) and Xeon. Core is the Intel brand for mid to high-end processors for home and business users. While Core i3s usually have two cores, the latest i5s and i7s are quad-core CPUs, providing enhanced performance and multitasking.
Evolution Of Intel Processor
Intel Xeon processors are aimed more at the professional workstation and server markets, with features that lend themselves to enterprise users rather than consumers. For example, top-end Xeons can support over 1TB RAM – not particularly relevant or practical for consumers, but potentially useful for large-scale server applications. The most powerful Xeons will also deliver more cores (up to 24) and a larger cache (up to 60 MB).
The short answer: quad-core Core i5s and i7s are more than enough for most small to medium business applications, but if your budget allows, you should definitely consider Xeon processors for more demanding server requirements. For a comprehensive resource detailing all currently available Intel CPUs, you can visit ark.intel.com.
If you’re still unsure which dedicated server setup is right for you, why not get in touch with our experts? They’ll be happy to talk you through our various packages and find the ideal configuration to ensure your sites and projects run smoothly. Just visit the Fasthosts website for details.